Thyroid disorders

Thyroid disorders are conditions where the thyroid gland malfunctions. Based on the types it affects either its structure or function. Thyroid gland functions are regulated by the feedback mechanism which involves brain. Low levels of the hormones stimulate the production of TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) causing pituitary gland to produce TSH, which in turn stimulated the release of T4. As the function of thyroid gland is controlled by pituitary and hypothalamus, disorders relative to them can also affect the thyroid gland functions.

Thyroid disorders include:

Hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Goitre

Thyroid nodules

Thyroid cancer

Hypothyroidism:

Hypothyroidism is a result of insufficient secretion of the thyroid hormone. It is often caused by Hashimoto’s disease, surgery for removing thyroid gland or due to damage from radiation treatment.

Hyperthyroidism:

Hyperthyroidism is a result of excess secretion of the thyroid hormones. This is less common when compared to hypothyroidism. It is caused due to Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goitre, thyroid nodules that overexpress thyroid hormone, excessive iodine consumption.

Goitre:

Enlargement of the thyroid gland leads to Goitre, regardless of the cause. The cause for goitre cannot be specific, it may be associated with hyperthyroidism or normal thyroid function.

Thyroid nodules:

Formation of an abnormal masses or lumps within the thyroid gland leads to thyroid nodules. It can be caused by cyst or tumours of benign or less commonly due to thyroid cancer. Formed nodules maybe singles or in multiples in various sizes.

Thyroid cancer:

It is most commonly seen in adult women than in men or youth. Mostly seen in people under 55 years. Depending on the type of cell cancer varies.

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