The increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide
is cause for concern both in terms of morbidity and increasing health costs. The
main aim is to focus on new and emerging treatments for type 1 and type 2
diabetes. There has been recent focus on diabetes prevention both for type 1
and type 2 diabetes. Prevention program including lifestyle measures and oral
hypoglycaemic agents have shown up to 61% reduction in the development of type
2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting
glucose. Little progress has been made to date on type 1 diabetes prevention
although current work is focusing on T-cell immunomodulation therapy and beta
cell regeneration. Management of type 2 diabetes has been improved by the
recent introduction of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
agonists and more recently by the incretins including glucagons. It focuses on
the benefits and restrictions of these new agents. The new insulin analogues
glargine and detemir have made significant improvements in the management of
type 1 diabetes both in terms of improvement in glycaemic control and in
reducing hypoglycaemia rates. Inhaled insulin also shows promise for
needle-free treatment of diabetes and these insulins are currently undergoing
phase 3 trials. Insulin infusion pumps are becoming more sophisticated and
increasingly popular in the management of type 1 diabetes. Many studies have
shown benefits for improved glycaemic control and reduced rates of
hypoglycaemia with pump treatment compared with multiple daily injections.
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in
children and young adults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes.
The
following symptoms of diabetes are typical. However, some people with
type 2 diabetes have symptoms so mild that they go unnoticed.
Common symptoms of diabetes: Urinating often, Feeling very thirsty, Feeling very hungry -
even though you are eating, Extreme fatigue, Blurry vision, Cuts/bruises that
are slow to heal, Weight loss - even though you are eating more (type 1), Tingling,
pain, or numbness in the hands/feet (type 2).
Early detection and treatment of
diabetes can decrease the risk of developing the complications of
diabetes.
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